School of Medicine

A study to determine knowledge on HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour of junior secondary school youths in kabwe district

2020-09-21T09:30:51Z

A study to determine knowledge on HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour of junior secondary school youths in kabwe district Wonani, Eva Mpheza Musonda The main aim of this study was to determine the knowledge on HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviours of Junior Secondary School Youths in Kabwe District. The problem was identified as a result of the increasing cases of HIV positive school youths, the high cases of STIs and incomplete abortions attended to in the District health centres.Literature reviewed looked at the knowledge of the school youths on HIV/AIDS and their sexual behaviour, and the factors that may influence the two variables. Literature revealed that knowledge though vital, alone was not adequate in promoting positive sexual behaviour, factors like cultures socio-economic peer influence, and media had roles to play in influencing sexual behaviours of the school youths.The sample comprised 50 youths, half from grade eight and half from grade nine who were systematically sampled from a randomly selected school. To collect data, self administered questionnaires comprising open ended and closed ended questions were administered to the respondents. The study was of a cross sectional descriptive nature.According to findings, 58% of the respondents had medium to high levels of knowledge on HIV/AIDS and the difference in the knowledge levels between the two grades was minimal, with 60% grade nine and 56% grade eight having the same levels of knowledge.The majority of respondents were not dating, (56%) while 54% had already had sexual intercourse, 10% had indulged in sex out of curiosity while 44% as a result of peer pressure. Results also showed that 28% always used condoms during sex, while 16% never.Majority of the respondents, 46% were abstaining, while 34% were indulging in risky sexual behaviour, more females (47.1%) than males (27.3%) were indulging in risky sexual patterns.However, results showed that 65.2% of the respondents with medium to high levels of knowledge on HIV/AIDS were also abstaining from sexual intercourse.Recommendations made included the need for close collaboration between MOE and MOH to fight the scourge, revision of school curriculum and improvement of IEC approaches to the school youths, making the services aimed at teaching the youths on HIV/AIDS matters user-friendly, regular monitoring and revision of HIV/AIDS programmes, involvement of youths in planning and implementing these programmes, improving teaching and counselling skills. Knowledge on HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviors of Junior Secondary School Youths in Kabwe District.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology Protocols and Guidelines

2019-10-04T00:48:14Z

Obstetrics and Gynaecology Protocols and Guidelines Vwalika, B. Instituting protocols and guidelines have been shown to improve patient safety, communication, and quality outcomes. Thus, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Zambia and the University Teaching Hospital sought to develop and formerly adopt a comprehensive set of clinical protocols and guidelines. This booklet highlights common obstetric and gynaecologic conditions in Zambia and management thereof that is pertinent to our setting. We believe the Obstetrics & Gynaecology Protocols and Guidelines will promote good medical decision-making, particularly for trainees, and advance standardized clinical practice not only at the University Teaching Hospital but also throughout Zambia. This booklet highlights common obstetric and gynaecologic conditions in Zambia and management thereof that is pertinent to our setting.

Genetic analysis of resistance to cercospora arachidicola hori ingroundnut (arachis hypogaea l.) using simple sequence repeat markers

2019-10-04T00:48:12Z

Genetic analysis of resistance to cercospora arachidicola hori ingroundnut (arachis hypogaea l.) using simple sequence repeat markers Prashar, Lavina

Efficacy of the aqueous root extract of phyllanthus muellerianus in alleviating anemia in rats

2019-10-04T00:48:12Z

Efficacy of the aqueous root extract of phyllanthus muellerianus in alleviating anemia in rats Lwanga, Gershom B. Phyllanthus muellerianus (P. muellerianus) is classified under the family Phyllanthaceae consisting of approximately 1,000 species which are widely distributed in Africa, Asia, America and Australia. It is a monoecious, glabrous, straggling shrub or small tree of up to 12 meters tall. It occurs in riverine forest and wooded grasslands on deep and well-drained soils. Different parts of P. muellerianus are used for treatment of a number of diseases in traditional medicine context. In some parts of Zambia, it is used to treat anemia, but its potential has not been scientifically established. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of the aqueous root extract of P. muellerianus on the hematological parameters of male albino rats and to determine its phytochemical profile. Thirty-six male albino rats in six groups were used for this study. The groups comprised 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg plant extract, a group on ranferon (drug used to treat anemia), a normal (non-anemic) group and a control (anemic) group. Anemia, induced through repeated bleeding of the rats, was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 12 g/dL and the duration of the study was 22 days. The anti-anemic potential of the plant was determined by comparing its effect on the hematological parameters of rats on treatment to that of the control group. Blood samples were collected 3 times for hematological analysis; being at the baseline of the study, after inducing anemia and after treatment. The blood parameters studied include Hb, packed cell volume (PCV), film comment (anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and chromasia), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV). The phytochemical profile of the root decoction was determined by standard procedures. The results were analysed using SPSS followed by dunnett’s test at a significance of P<0.05. After medication, rats on 400 mg/kg dosage showed the greatest increase in the mean values for Hb, PCV and RBC count of 23.1 %, 23.0 % and 22.2 % respectively, when compared to the anemic control group (P<0.05). The preliminary phytochemical screening of the root extract of P. muellerianus revealed positive results for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids and tannins. The aqueous root extract of P. muellerianus was efficient against anemia in experimental groups in a dose dependent manner and the 400 mg/kg dosage was useful. The phytochemical compositions especially alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins seem to be responsible for its hematopoietic properties. Thus, the root decoction of the plant is useful in alleviating anemia and the results lend credence to its use in traditional medicine in the management of anemia. Further studies are needed with this plant to isolate, characterize and elucidate the structure of the bioactive compound/s that is/are responsible for its medicinal value. Thesis

Indigenous Knowledge Systems for the Treatment of Hypertension in Lusaka, Zambia: Perceptions, Knowledge and Practice.

2019-10-04T00:48:14Z

Indigenous Knowledge Systems for the Treatment of Hypertension in Lusaka, Zambia: Perceptions, Knowledge and Practice. Prashar, Lavina; Goma, Fastone; Kalungia, Chichony Aubrey; Bwalya, Angela Gono; Hamachila, Audrey; Mutati, Ronald Kampamba; Zingani, Ellah; Mwila, Chiluba; Musoke, Pamela Indigenous knowledge systems and traditional technologies have made and can continue to make a significant contribution to modern medicines with discovery of novel molecules in the treatment of various conditions. The traditional knowledge in our communities is passed on from generation to generation. Scientific evaluation of these compounds from traditional medicines can lead to discovery drugs with better efficacy and novel mechanism. The study aimed at determining the indigenous knowledge based preparations used for hypertension in Lusaka, Zambia. The specific objectives were: a). To determine the knowledge and practice of Traditional Health Practitioners in the management of HTN, b). To identify the parts of the plants utilized in the preparation of the IKS-based preparation used in the management of hypertension. c). To determine the procedure employed in preparing the IKS-based preparations used in the management of hypertension. d). To recommend for further elucidation of the possible active compounds in the indigenous based preparations and postulate possible pharmacological mechanisms of actions. The study adopted structured interviews complemented by non-participatory observations. Samples used by traditional healers were collected for identification and characterization A total of twelve (12) traditional healers registered with Traditional Health Practitioners of Zambia who manage hypertension were interviewed. The traditional healers interviewed had knowledge of causes of hypertension, only three (3) indicated bewitchment as one of the causes. spiritual method constituted an important method of diagnosis. The beliefs of Traditional Healers with regard to hypertension indicates their alignment to agreeing the scientific understanding of hypertension in terms of its causes, risk factors and complications. Traditional Healers in Zambia believe hypertension can be managed by some mode of action of the herbs. Common themes that emerged to determine the effectiveness of the herbs used included; patient feedback, physical appearance, confirmation at local clinic and increased urine output. Majority (5/12) felt that there herbs take atleast 7-14 before the effects are seen. All the traditional healers indicated using atleast two (2) types of herbal preparations to manage hypertension. Of the preparations mentioned three (3) were not of plant origin. These include; crocodile fat, pebble and honey. This study observed that the traditional healers of Zambia knowledge of causes and complications of hypertension are alligned to the scientific knowledge. Divination is however still the most important (50%) method used for diagnosis and witchcraft/ spiritual method forms an important method for some for diagnosis of hypertension. It is noteworthy that traditional healers in Zambia believe hypertension can be managed by some mode of action of the herbs a belief shared by the conventional management.

Opuntia stricta cladode Extract reduces blood glucose levels in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

2019-10-04T00:48:12Z

Opuntia stricta cladode Extract reduces blood glucose levels in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Prashar, Lavina; Kalungia, Chichony Aubrey; Mataka, Mary; Kaonga, Patrick; Bwalya, Angela Gono; Munkombwe, Derrick Opuntia stricta (commonly called prickly pear cactus) is a natural plant that grows in some parts of Zambia where its fruits and cladodes are commonly consumed for nutritional and medicinal purposes, including glycaemic control among some patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). There is insufficient evidence whether Opuntia stricta indigenously growing in Zambia possess antidiabetic effects.To assess in vivo antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extract of Opuntia stricta cladodes in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. A laboratory-based experimental study was conducted involving 20 adult Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) weighing 18-30 g. DM was induced using a single intraperitoneal dose of alloxan monohydrate 90 mg/kg. Opuntia stricta aqueous extract was administered orally and blood glucose levels (in mmol/L) monitored daily for 10 days. Alloxan induced a 4- to 5-fold sustained increase in blood glucose levels at 72 hours after administration in mice. Within a 10-day experimental period, Opuntia stricta cladode aqueous extract (1 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood glucose levels in vivo (from 16.6 ± 1.4 mmol/L, 95% CI: 14.9-18.3 at baseline to 7.5 ± 1.0 mmol/L, 95% CI: 6.2-8.9 at endpoint, p < 0.001, n = 5). Similarly, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels (from 18.7 ± 4.6 mmol/L, 95% CI: 13.0-24.4 at baseline to 6.9 ± 1.7 mmol/L, 95% CI: 4.7-9.0 at endpoint, p = 0.001, n = 5). Opuntia stricta cladode aqueous extract attained a greater reduction in blood glucose levels compared to Glibenclamide 0.25 mg/kg. Opuntia stricta cladode aqueous extract demonstrated a presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, carbohydrates, phenols and tannins. Opuntia stricta cladode from Zambia demonstrates antidiabetic effects to reduce blood glucose levels in vivo.

Extraction and Demonstration of Uterotonic Activity from the Root of Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst.

2019-10-04T00:48:11Z

Extraction and Demonstration of Uterotonic Activity from the Root of Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. Prashar, Lavina; Goma, Fastone; Ezeala, Christian; Nyirenda, James; Chuba, David; Simfukwe, Newton; Lengwe, Chilufya The root of Steganotaenia araliacea is used for assisting labour in folk medicine. Recent reports indicate that the root could possess uterotonic substances.The study aimed to evaluate three methods for the extraction of uterotonic principles from the root of S. araliacea growing in Zambia. Roots of the plant were collected from Chongwe District of Zambia. The air-dried roots were size-reduced, and the powdered material extracted with hot ethanol, hot distilled water, and cold distilled water. The solvent extracts were concentrated and dried at 110 0C. Solutions of the hot aqueous and cold aqueous extracts were prepared in distilled water and used for organ bath experiments to demonstrate uterotonic activities using strips of pregnant rat uterus. The frequencies and amplitude of contractile forces were recorded. The amplitudes were plotted against log concentration of extract with GraphPad Prism software, and the EC50 values determined. The percentage yields were 31.3 % for the hot aqueous extract, 8.15 % for the ethanolic extract, and 3.27 % for the cold aqueous extract. The cold aqueous extract showed higher potency (EC50 of 0.54 mg/ml) compared to the hot aqueous extract (EC50 of 2.09 mg/ml). Root extracts of S. araliacea possess demonstrable uterotonic effects. Extraction of the roots for this purpose could benefit from preliminary defatting with organic solvents, followed by successive extraction with hot and cold water.

Assessment of Level of Knowledge of Management of Acne vulgaris among Community Pharmacists and Prescribers in Lusaka Urban

2019-10-04T00:48:13Z

Assessment of Level of Knowledge of Management of Acne vulgaris among Community Pharmacists and Prescribers in Lusaka Urban Prashar, Lavina; Kachipond, Fredrick; Nagalamika, Owen Acne is a common skin condition affecting almost 85% of the population. Everyone has the risk of developing acne at certain stages of life. The management of acne in early stages is important for disease prognosis. Patients with acne usually present at community pharmacies and clinics during the early stages of their disease. Assessment of knowledge and practice of community pharmacists and prescribers in treating these patients is required. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of knowledge in acne management among community pharmacists and prescribers in Lusaka urban. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey and was conducted on 89 community pharmacists and prescribers working in Lusaka, Zambia. Participants were asked to answer a self administered questionnaire on the management of acne vulgaris that comprised questions evaluating the knowledge on disease causes, aggravating or relieving factors, treatment practices and use of reference materials. The study revealed that Pharmacists and prescribers had inadequate levels of knowledge on disease management; 21% had low levels of knowledge where as only 6% had high levels of knowledge. By category, 36% of the prescribers had low levels and 10% had high levels of knowledge. 8% of the pharmacists had low levels of knowledge and only 2% had high levels. Lack of knowledge was reflected in their treatment practices, 62.9% never classified acne when initiating treatment and less than a quarter managed acne cases independently. This study showed no association of levels of knowledge to referral of patients with severe acne (p>0.05). It was concluded from the study that pharmacists and prescribers have inadequate knowledge and practice for management of acne. Steps should be taken to update and improve their dermatological knowledge.

The Effect of Kigelia africana Fruit Extract on Blood Glucose in Diabetes Induced Mice

2019-10-04T00:48:15Z

The Effect of Kigelia africana Fruit Extract on Blood Glucose in Diabetes Induced Mice Prashar, Lavina; Muyenga, Tumelo; Bwalya, Angela Gono; Muungo, L.T.M To determine the effect Kigelia africana fruit extract has on blood glucose levels of diabetes mice and its phytochemical profile Mice were induced with diabetes using Alloxan monohydrate 90mg/kg. Blood glucose was checked before induction and 72 hours after induction to confirm diabetes. Treatment involved using oral administration of Kigelia fruit extract 1000mg/kg, Kigelia fruit extract 500mg/kg, Glibenclamide 0.25 mg/kg, Kigelia fruit extract 500mg/kg and Glibenclamide 0.25mg/kg and Normal Saline.The results showed a greater reduction in blood glucose of mice after treatment with Kigelia extract 1000mg/kg compared to Kigelia 500mg/kg [(5.3 +/- 0.5mmol/l) vs (6.3+/- 0.6mmol/l), (p= 0.005)]. Further, Glibenclamide 0.25mg/kg showed less reduction in blood glucose than Kigelia 1000mg/kg [(7.4+/-0.9mmol/l) vs (5.3 +/- 0.5), (p= 0.00)]. The mean blood glucose levels were lower in mice that received Kigelia extract than those that received both Kigelia extract and Glibenclamide [(5.3 +/- 0.5mmol/l) vs (7.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/l), (p=0.00)]. The fruit extract tested positive for Tannins, Saponins, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Glycosides and Steroids. Findings of this study indicate that Kigelia africana fruit extract causes reduction in blood glucose of diabetes induced mice and gives better results when used alone than in concomitant use with Glibenclamide. The study also indicates that the fruit extract has alkaloids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids. To determine the effect Kigelia africana fruit extract has on blood glucose levels of diabetes mice and its phytochemical profile Mice were induced with diabetes using Alloxan monohydrate 90mg/kg. Blood glucose was checked before induction and 72 hours after induction to confirm diabetes. Treatment involved using oral administration of Kigelia fruit extract 1000mg/kg, Kigelia fruit extract 500mg/kg, Glibenclamide 0.25 mg/kg, Kigelia fruit extract 500mg/kg and Glibenclamide 0.25mg/kg and Normal Saline. The results showed a greater reduction in blood glucose of mice after treatment with Kigelia extract 1000mg/kg compared to Kigelia 500mg/kg [(5.3 +/- 0.5mmol/l) vs (6.3+/- 0.6mmol/l), (p= 0.005)]. Further, Glibenclamide 0.25mg/kg showed less reduction in blood glucose than Kigelia 1000mg/kg [(7.4+/-0.9mmol/l) vs (5.3 +/- 0.5), (p= 0.00)]. The mean blood glucose levels were lower in mice that received Kigelia extract than those that received both Kigelia extract and Glibenclamide [(5.3 +/- 0.5mmol/l) vs (7.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/l), (p=0.00)]. The fruit extract tested positive for Tannins, Saponins, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Glycosides and Steroids. Findings of this study indicate that Kigelia africana fruit extract causes reduction in blood glucose of diabetes induced mice and gives better results when used alone than in concomitant use with Glibenclamide. The study also indicates that the fruit extract has alkaloids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids

A Comparative Study for the Efficacy and Tolerability of Fluvoxamine and Venlafaxine in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

2019-10-04T00:48:13Z

A Comparative Study for the Efficacy and Tolerability of Fluvoxamine and Venlafaxine in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Prashar, Lavina; Paul, Ravi To compare the efficacy and tolerability of Fluvoxamine and Venlafaxine in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). A total of 50 newly diagnosed patients with OCD were randomly assigned 25 each to receive either fluvoxamine (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) or venlafaxine (selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor). Primary efficacy was assessed by the change from baseline on the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). The Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale (CGI-S) was used to measure symptom improvement. Each patient was followed as a single visit in a week wise manner following the order; Week0, Week 1, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 12 and Week 16. At each visit if any adverse reaction to either of the drugs experienced by the patient were noted. Treatment group comparison of patients, demographic characteristics and baseline severity measurements were done using a Chi square test and the student t-test. Statistical significance was defined as a 2-sided p value ≤ 0.05. Both drugs showed significant reduction in the OCD symptoms as measured on the Y-BOC Scale over the 16-week follow up. When compared fluvoxamine showed statistically significant reduction in overall YBOC score and Obsessive mean score. The difference in compulsive mean score was not significant in the two treatment groups. Fluvoxamine is more efficacious than Venlafaxine in the treatment of OCD.